Moral values, ethics and philosophy Essay

The dream of a child starts with a stereo type suggestion from parents that the baby will be a doctor – engineer. The baby has no other option to dream of being doctor or engineer. Our education system was framed by the British rulers to create civil servants to serve their purpose. They had created dreams of civil service. As a legacy of the British and the Pakistani system we inherited Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS). However, the glory of civil service has been fading gradually. Education system at home and abroad now aims at creating good executives. The present dream of the youngsters is to find jobs in mobile phone company. Considering the good market, the private entrepreneurs established a number of private universities where degrees are offered on Computer science, Engineering, Medical Science and Business Administration. These universities have less interest in social science. Philosophy is a less prioritised subject in the university and hardly any student is found having interest to study Philosophy. The people living in the 21st century have no time to waste in a very ancient field of study like philosophy. People now send their children to universities to groom them up as future executives in Multinational companies. Students are more interested to obtain professional degrees rather than education in social science. The new generation has different attitude towards life style, human relation, demand and satisfaction We can not live alone. The world is one family and living in this planet demands co-operation with others. Philosophy teaches the discipline of humanity. It defines how to think, how to reason, how to put together good arguments, how to analyse alternatives and action and evaluate its consequences. Human society creates ideas and thoughts; philosophy guides principle of human life. Without it, there can be no real government, no institution. It is philosophy that has created human ideologies, interpretations, and viewpoints. Philosophy is at the heart of every issue, at the center of every change within society, and within every radical movement human beings have created. Any tradition, any ideology, any religion has behind them a philosophy. The problem perhaps is that common people in today’s society do not like complicated thoughts, the moment they see an obstacle, they scream in rage, they want the simplistic philosophy of a society that consumes and moves and moves and never stops. The consumption loving practical people believe that there is no particular use for philosophy, because it deals with intangible ideas, which cannot be proved scientifically or verified objectively, and which have nothing to do with providing greater creature comforts or material progress. The teaching starts with parents telling what it is wrong to lie, cheat, and steal. These children grow up and enter into the real world with some knowledge of right and wrong. But ethics are learnt throughout our lives as we associate with others. In the work place, people learn responsibility, teamwork, punctuality, and communication skills. Doctors obtain a guarantee from patient indemnifying him of any accident during operation, lawyers appear for client but do not guarantee of winning. Auditors inspect books of accounts and certify correctness of transactions but there is no control over his sincerity to verify transaction. The society relies on their ethical standard and practice. Baby sitter even the mother look after baby and the quality and standard of care and service depend upon their own sincerity. Government can enforce setting up waste water treatment machine in industries to save the environment from pollution and there is hardly a method to ensure proper use of waste water treatment but the ethics can regulate the management to protect the universe from adverse effect of economic activities. In today’s society, laws and contracts are enforced to make sure that the business deals are fair. We live in a society wherein no device, rule or law can control certain things, actions and behaviours. The self-teaching and self regulation can address the situation.. Human being needs only knowledge, self training and self regulation to apply the test through any ethical standard. All will eventually confront moral problems with social, political, or legal dimensions in their roles as citizens, scholars, professionals, parents, members of their communities, and as human beings. The society has become open and requires a self administration and control. This self control is through values, morals and ethics. Society must develop values, morals and ethics. They all provide behavioral rules. Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn’t, good and bad. Morals have a greater social element to values and tend to have a very broad acceptance. Morals are far more about good and bad than other values. Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality-that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc. Ethics develop feelings of right or wrong. Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. In any society, most people accept standards that are, in fact, ethical. But standards of behavior in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is a good example of a morally corrupt society. Ethics has standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics, for example, refers to those standards that impose the reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud. Ethical standards include honesty, compassion, and loyalty. Democracy is a free will under certain guidance, norm and practice. Democracy can not function without ethics. Bangladesh is lacking democracy due to lack of ethical and moral practice of democracy. Members of different organisations take oath of allegiance and Invocation. They use to declare some ethical standard of business and profession. The declaration of quality of production of manufacturers is in the same line of self regulation and promise to practice. A good and successful professional should have the ethics, values and standards of profession and make their application a consistent feature in all aspects of work. This will include taking personal responsibility for actions and regularly reflecting on experiences to inform future actions and decision making. Human must both act and be seen to act ethically and with the utmost integrity. The professionals should uphold professional ethics, values and standards, behave with integrity and objectivity, and maintain professional competence, confidentiality, keeping up to date with all codes of conduct and professional standards, informing clients about the ethical standards that apply to professional activities, monitoring compliance with relevant legislation, standards and regulations and the law of the country. The workplace compliance of quality policy, citizen charter etc are part of ethics of profession which come from philosophy as the law can not reach workplace and inside mind and heart to control our thinking and action with others in the society. The codes of educational institutes, parents, colleagues at workplace and society at large even the service club and professional bodies teach us ethics and human dignity. It upholds the ethics of business and profession. The teaching of formal education and non formal education of philosophy is back bone of society and foundation of all knowledge. That is why the business and profession should be regulated by philosophy and not only law and regulation. The writer is pursuing PhD in Open University, Malaysia, and can be reached at email: shah@banglachemical.com

Consider the extent to which firms within the UK post Hargreaves are now better placed to engage with eCommerce

our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – DISSERTATION EXAMPLE Introduction In the period prior to the commissioning of the Hargreaves Review by the government, concerns were raised by the government that the UK was not in a sufficiently strong position when it came to encouraging intellectual property and technology growth, particularly when competing with other jurisdictions. As a result, the Prime Minister commissioned a review in November 2010, which aimed to look at the ways in which intellectual property could be used to achieve growth in the economy. The purpose of this paper is to look at the impact of the Hargreaves Review and to consider what this means to firms looking to engage with e-commerce. Although the review aimed to look at the broader issues of the intellectual property framework, it has clearly had a greater impact on certain industries, including those engaging with e-commerce[1]. The government has largely adopted the findings of the Hargreaves Review in the report of 3rd August 2011[2] and these have been included in the Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act 2013 which received Royal Assent on 25th April 2013. These provisions will be considered alongside the background and the perceived problems that the review was looking to tackle, before looking at the likely impact this would then have on all aspects of intellectual property, as well as on e-commerce, in general. Finally, conclusions will be drawn[3] Background A fundamental part of the report is focused on the fact that intellectual property is an important aspect of achieving growth. Moreover, the government views intellectual property as a means of stimulating economic growth and this is also seen to be the case for online activity associated with typical e-commerce transactions, with the ability of companies to buy and sell items or in order to have an online presence[4]. Intellectual property laws must necessarily adapt and change to deal with surrounding circumstances; the technology itself must also become much more forward thinking. There are concerns however that copyright law is beginning to act in a way that creates barriers for the development of new and innovative product ideas. But, on the flipside, in the event that companies are able to act entirely freely, there would be no incentive to invest and the ability of e-commerce companies in the UK to compete internationally, as others simply come along and take on board their in vestment and thoughts for their own benefit[5]. The focus of the review was on the intellectual property framework and this extends beyond purely looking at e-commerce, which deals with the buying and selling of products and services online. However, for the purposes of this report, many of the findings relating to intellectual property, in general, can be seen to be directly linked to the potential stimulation of growth within e-commerce. In order to consider the impact that the Hargreaves Review will have on e-commerce, specifically, it is first necessary to look at the key proposals that emanated from the review and how these have then been adapted or applied by the government. Key Changes Proposed The key changes that were proposed by the review include[6]: creation of a digital copyright exchange, to make it much easier for organisations, including those that operate solely online, to license copyright protected works; to introduce a general right in order to allow individuals to use work where it is not possible to find the author; to place certain limits on the use of copyright, so that issues, e.g. non-commercial research and format shifting, are not seen to be an infringement; the introduction of a small claims track to the patent’s County Court, in order to make enforcement easier for SMEs; also, to support SMEs, it has been advised that there should be an investigation into the impact of having patent clusters and the ability of an SME to grow and evolve; a focus needs to be placed on assisting SMEs in getting value from the IP that they have established; and the provision of mediation services to deal with intellectual property disputes in a much more cost-effective and commercially minded way. There are multiple process based changes proposed as part the review however the actual implementation is the ongoing focus of this paper with particular reference to how the application of these changes will potentially impact on the UK e-commerce arena. Broadly speaking there are two key perspectives, the need to protect the position of companies without potentially increasing the regulatory burdens and preventing the company themselves from being involved in the infringement of intellectual property rights. By looking at the government approach to each of the recommendations, this issue can be explored in more detail[7]. The conclusion reached by the Hargreaves review that intellectual property is important for growth needs to be taken seriously and is a key merit of the proposals. More specifically, the review notes that the protection of intellectual property needs go beyond simply looking at the core intellectual property industries, but is also relevant to a wide variety of industries, some of which are operating through e-commerce alone. In many cases, there may be useful ideas and work that is prevented from being used, simply because the author cannot be located or permission cannot be obtained[8]. Of particular interest to e-commerce in the UK is likely to be the second statement that the current intellectual property nuclear framework is falling behind the technology infrastructure available for these types of firms; therefore, in order to encourage any form of innovation within e-commerce, it is necessary to have a framework in place to protect this type of investment[9]. Copyright – Modernisation within the E-Commerce Arena, The Pros and Cons The establishment of the digital copyright exchange is one of the central recommendations which are likely to have a direct impact on e-commerce firms, as well as on other industries that have a degree in reliance on digital copyright. This is one of the key benefits and merits associated with the proposal and is worthy of particular note. The review requires the government to consider ways in which it can develop an effective market to copyright licensing, which can take control of the market when it is not emerging of its own right. By creating additional copyright exchange, the UK government is able to ensure that a more efficient marketplace is provided for both owners and purchases. This makes it considerably easier for those involved in copyright, whether as an owner or a purchaser in the purchasing and giving of licences, the e-commerce arena becomes much more transparent, with a consistent approach that is relatively easy to follow due to the fact that there is one consistent digital exchange. This would enable e-commerce organisations either to purchase licences or to sell licences in a manner that is consistent and transparent to all parties, thus making it more viable to invest in copyright. It would also enable the company to gain access to copyrighted material, so that it can then develop the business without being thwarted by authors that cannot be located or similar blockages in the availability of copyright licences. The issue of copyright protection is argued to be the fundamental area of reform for e- commerce organisations post Hargreaves and will be the focus here, in order to gain a practical understanding of the impact of this review on e-commerce, in general. Several different issues need to be looked at from a practical perspective, including the fact that businesses will often be prevented from gaining access to data, due to the lack of availability of copyright licences. Other issues include the businesses themselves complaining that it is difficult to enforce remedies and that copyright is extremely complex when dealing with online violations, something which is likely to be particularly prevalent within e-commerce organisations. Regardless of the perspective being taken by each individual organisation, the fundamental argument presented by the review is that the framework for copyright law across the European Union, including the UK, is simply no longer reflective of the digital economy and e-commerce activity, from a technical perspective. Redressing the balance is a key part of the review and is likely to be the area that has the most practical impact on e-commerce. In order to consider the real impact of these changes, two distinct stages will be undertaken: the first to identify the arguments for reforming copyright; the second to look at the approach taken by the policymakers and the practical application of these changing policies. The review placed a heavy emphasis on noting that the digital economy is central to economic growth, with e-commerce being a fundamental part of the digital economy. Evidence from the European Commission has shown that creative industries are increasing at a rate of approximately 3.5%, in the UK, compared to an average across all industries of just 1%. This shows just how important it is to have the appropriate framework in place to support the digital economy and to ensure that those engaging in areas such as e-commerce have a framework within which to operate, effectively[10]. As noted by the European Commission[11] it wants to work towards a â€Å"copyright framework that guarantees effective recognition and remuneration of rights holders in order to provide sustainable incentives for creativity, cultural diversity and innovation; opens up greater access and a wider choice of legal offers to end users; allows new business models to emerge; and contributes to combating illegal offers and piracy†. The digital copyright exchange was looked at as a potential opportunity by the UK government, with the initial phase of the digital copyright now being recognised as a crucial aspect to online business and offers a real opportunity for e-commerce for those organisations to gain a much clearer idea of where copyright is owned and how it can then be licensed. As noted by Hargreaves: â€Å"an automated e-commerce website or network of websites which allows licensors to set out the rights they wish to license and allows licensees to acquire those rights from the licensors†. Although progress has been made in this area, it is unlikely that this digital copyright exchange will be able to operate as a marketplace whereby any organisation can simply log on, but rather the additional copyright exchange facility will enable an entity to interact with others through the hub created, in a way that may not have been possible previously. This is a fundamental step forward for those involved in e-commerce[12]. Although no singular digital copyright exchange has yet been established, the government and surrounding policies towards achieving this will have a dramatic impact on a variety of industries, most notably those that have historically found it difficult to manage and control copyright licences and to deal with online infringement. Despite the recognition of the potential benefits of this type of copyright exchange, the parliamentary report notes that it is crucially important that any overall digital copyright exchange which is established must not increase the regulatory burden for those engaged in e-commerce, while still offering more consistent protection and transparency within the system[13]. Certain copyright exceptions have been suggested by virtue of the Hargreaves Review, with content mining being one of the more controversial proposed exceptions. The Hargreaves review defines content mining as being â€Å"the automated analytical techniques such as text and data mining work by copying existing electronic information, for instance articles in scientific journals and other works, and analysing the data they contain for patterns, trends and other useful information†. The parliamentary report has raised concerns that this type of interaction will jeopardise primary markets when it comes to copyright works and these types of arrangements should be dealt with in contractual solutions, rather than creating a global copyright exception. By having these exceptions in place however it is argued that some of the potency of the reforms would be lost and unnecessary complexities experienced, adding to the administrative burden. The extent of the copyright exceptions are al so likely to have a dramatic impact on the practical operation of the Hargreaves Review therefore warranted an element of discussion in its own right. Although there have been notable discussions as part of the parliamentary report established a result of the Hargreaves Review, the content of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill 2013 has now been given Royal Assent on 23 April 2013, in order to deal with many aspects of the Hargreaves Review and make them statutory provisions. Some of these key changes will potentially have a dramatic impact on e-commerce. The 2013 Act has presented the Business Secretary with a much wider range of opportunities to create new rules, in order to deal with the management of orphan works, i.e. works whereby no author can be found. The Intellectual Property Office is working towards creating a situation whereby, provided an organisation or individual can show that they have made a diligent search for the original owner, the author’s works can then be licensed to them, thus creating opportunities for those involved in e-commerce to gain access to previously unavailable material. It also presents a potential challenge whereby the commerce organisations need to be more forward thinking when protecting their own copyright. This creates some difficulty of adjustment and from an administrative point of view for the organisations looking to implement these requirements. As well as the changes brought in by the 2013 Act in the UK, the government is still looking at various aspects of the EU Commission’s Digital Agenda for Europe, which has the underlying purpose of ensuring that cross-border e-commerce is more transparent, with little or no obstacles when trading across the EU digital single market. Furthermore, a wide variety of factors were perceived to be relevant in terms of establishing an efficient digital single market, many of which are likely to have a dramatic impact on the e-commerce industry, particularly when it comes to establishing a framework for protecting its own copyright position, as well as dealing with the opportunity to utilise information and data that would be easily be unavailable due to the author not being readily identifiable[14]. The Future for E-Commerce By looking at the various different elements of the Hargreaves Review as well as the issues are being taken forward by the UK government, as well as the EU Commission looking at the creation of a single digital market, there are several key factors being driven into the future, with the likelihood of having a direct impact on firms operating within the ecommerce arena. The key impacts that have been identified in this paper have been done with the recognition that many of these proposals remain as proposals, rather than specific rules and regulations that have yet to be implemented. There are multiple elements of the Hargreaves Review and the e-commerce conditions post-Hargreaves Review, which are worthy of recognition and are likely to have a dramatic impact on e-commerce, in the UK, in the long-term. The pressure to create an EU single market, therefore, is likely to be one of the majors driving factors, with UK firms being able to operate across the entire EU, with no barriers. While this increases opportunities, it also potentially increases competition and requires those engaged in e-commerce in the UK to become much more astute, in terms of what is happening outside their immediate jurisdiction. It is also suggested that the digital copyright exchange is going to provide a much more robust framework for those engaged in e-commerce to protect their own position, particularly when dealing with online violations of copyright which are becoming increasingly prevalent in certain industries, such as music and photography, in recent years. Fundamentally, it is concluded in this paper that the real impact is the fact that IP has brought to the attention of the legislators and has required the UK government to consider what it needs to do for the future so that those engaged in e-commerce to be able to protect their own position and to become on a level playing field with other jurisdictions. It is this recognition of the need to create transparency and to deal with many of the historic difficulties in this area that is likely to have the greatest impact, regardless of the proposals which are actually enacted in the long run. References Bakhshi, H., Hargreaves I. and Mateos-Garcia, J (2013( A Manifesto for the Creative Economy, London: Nesta. Brinkley, I and Lee, N (2007) The Knowledge Economy in Europe: A Report prepared for the 2007 EU Spring Council, London: Work Foundation. European Commission, (2012) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Collective Management of Copyright and Related Rights and Multi-Territorial Licensing of Rights in Musical Works for Online Uses in the Internal Market, COM(2012) 372 final, Brussels: European Commission. Ghafele R and Gibert, B (2012) The Economic Value of Fair Use in Copyright Law: Counterfactual Impact Analysis of Fair Use Policy on Private Copying Technology and Copyright Markets in Singapore, MPRA, 2012. Hargreaves, I (2011) Digital Opportunity: An Independent Review of Intellectual Property and Growth, London: Intellectual Property Office. Manyika et. al., (2011) Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition and Productivity San Francisco: McKinsey Global Institute. Mettler A and Williams, A (2012) Wired for Growth and Innovation: How Digital Technologies are Reshaping Small- and Medium-Sized Businesses and Empowering Entrepreneurs, Brussels: Lisbon Council. OECD, (2012) â€Å"Internet Economy Outlook 2012† Samuelson, P, (2010) The Copyright Principles Project: Directions for Reform, Berkeley: Copyright Principles Project. Veugelers, R. (2012). New ICT Sectors: Platforms for European Growth, Brussels: Bruegel.

The organizational role of the safety professional Article

The organizational role of the safety professional - Article Example For this to be possible, the professional evaluates any existing safety measurers’ failure of which he introduces safety requirements into the organization. The safety professional also has the responsibility of checking out for any situations, which may compromise the safety standards within the organization. This should begin with setting up of a safety plan, which guides the employees on how to work without placing their lives and those of colleagues in danger (Walter, 2011). The safety professional also has the role of advising the management of an organization about the measurements to put in place for employees to have a safe environment for working. This takes aspects like advising the management on the importance of having a safety initiative in the organization. It is through the efforts of the safety professional that safety response plan, safety management plan and a safety protection plan can be designed for the best benefit of employees and the organization (Safety Leadership, 2011). The safety professional is also the one in charge of organizing safety trainings for employees. This is essential because employees are the ones most affected by poor working conditions. On some occasions, employees can never determine whether their actions are safe or not, and guidance helps them in knowing the right path of action (Safety Leadership, 2011). Through safety trainings, the safety professional takes employees through safety processes, which protect them within the organization as they carry out their duties. Still on training of the employees, the safety professional designs a safety curriculum suitable for the company depending on the industry. It also remains under the jurisdiction of the safety professional to review the safety plan for the organization on regular intervals. These can be followed up by conducting review trainings for employees, so they can have adequate skills on how to keep

This is a Book report see details below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

This is a Book report see details below - Essay Example Jesus as a figure in history is undoubtedly a very important and pertinent topic for today. There is a persistent question about Jesus that defies an easy answer. Which Jesus is easier to accept and believe The Jesus that the gospels proclaim as the Son of God who came to be born of a virgin with his divine attributes and claims, two millennia ago Or the Jesus that history is willing to accept and record to the extent science and circumstances allow us to explain and prove This treatise is intended to explore the aspect of Jesus as an historical figure. For this purpose, it is necessary to go into the various details that denote history. Details such as ancestry, creed, social and religious customs and background of the relevant times, Jesus' personality, occupation, credentials, circle of friend, relatives and acquaintances, political scenario, and so forth. The study of the historical Jesus naturally implies the study of the old and new testaments as well as church history. In order to secure the views of every reliable source, fairness demands that nothing must be seen to be explained away as irrelevant, immaterial and conclusive. As of date, the socio-rhetorical interpretations technique is ideal in getting close to the historical Jesus because of its meticulous approach and openness to scrutiny. It uses insights from sociolinguists, semiotics, rhetoric, ethnography, literary studies, social sciences, and goes on to interrelate ancient, modern and post modern systems and schools of thought.(1) Nothwithstanding the means available to get to the details on the history of Jesus, questions galore. Enigmatic rationalists and cultists crop up ever so often with profound and radical claims relating to the history, personality and even "matrimonial facts" about Jesus. Controversies exist relating to even simple incidents as: Was Jesus really baptized by John Did he really feed the four and five thousand Did he really raise Lazarus from the dead What did Jesus mean when he said the kingdom of God was at hand And so forth and so on. (2) The Present Status Until the Middle Ages, leave alone Jesus, it was difficult to gain access to the scriptures for simple meditation. Those who did encourage study of the scriptures like Martin Luther and William Tyndale, who had to pay for it with his life, were publicly ridiculed and warned to desist by the custodians of faith at the highest levels. Of course, their successors regret it now! Even after the scriptures became accessible to the common man, for a long period of time, a study of Jesus in the historical context was frowned upon as akin to apostasy. As a student of history, questions on Jesus could not be freely discussed which otherwise in theological context could have been considered too provocative and even sacrilegious. For instance, the question on the virgin birth of Christ is bound to figure prominently in the historical context whereas in the theological sense it could mean inviting trouble. Coming to healings, miracles and exorcism, the controversy only generates more heat and dust and very little light. Historically, as of now science is in no position to unearth evidence of events and oral statements recorded as having been made but for which there exist no solid proof except their confirmation by the

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Is intelligent design science - Essay Example Scientists believe that the invention of Higgs boson may be useful in predicting the base particle of life. Human being is considered to be made of three things; body, mind and spirit though experimentally not proved. After death a person’s body will be destroyed; but what will happen to the mind and spirit? Even though science and technology has advanced a lot, still it was not able to decode the secrets of life. Even the science and technology do not know where our spirit lies or what type of forces is driving us. Earth is not a permanent place for us and hence what all we received from the earth need to be disposed here itself before going for another mission at another place. In other words the material things which were acquired from the earth will not help us in our future assignment. Science has so far failed in predicting the origin our spirit or soul. It doesn’t know from where it comes and where it goes. Intelligent design is a new branch of knowledge originated in America recently which says that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, rather than a natural selection. â€Å"The idea that an organism’s complexity is evidence for the existence of a cosmic designer was advanced centuries before Charles Darwin was born.† (Milner & Maestro) Physicians explain various functions of body while psychologists concentrate on the activities of mind. But nobody knows much about the soul or spirit though everybody agrees that it is the spirit which drives us in this material world. After death what happens to the spirit? Only the religions studied about the features of spirit and they have their own explanations about the future of spirit on the basis of the good and evil committed during the life in earth. Religions believe that those who engaged in good activities during the stay on earth will get salvation after death while others will be punished by God. Intelligent design

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The Knight And His Internal Conflict Essay Example for Free

The Knight And His Internal Conflict Essay The introduction of the Knight in Chaucer’s â€Å"General Prologue† of The Canterbury Tales, albeit brief, presents an interesting, enigmatic portrait of a character whose external appearance seems to provide a cover for what might be a conflicted spirit underneath. In a way, the Knight embodies the concept, to borrow from the film Billy Jack, is a â€Å"war hero who hated the war† and whose personal discipline is what keeps chinks in the armor of his psyche from degenerating. From the outset, the Knight is presented to the reader as a noble hero whose personal sense of honor is what separates him from the other pilgrims. Examine how Chaucer describes the character in the initial lines that introduce the Knight: A knight there was, and he a worthy man, Who, from the moment that he first began, To ride about the world, loved chivalry, Truth, honour, freedom and all courtesy, Full worthy was he in his liege-lords war, And therein had he ridden (none more far) The portrait that Chaucer paints here is that, in his heart, the Knight is a good person with a high sense of personal discipline and moral values. Through his entry into military service, the Knight undertakes the responsibility to fight in his â€Å"liege-lord’s war† which is essentially the conduit for the Knight’s personal, internal values of nobility to be put into action through his service in his Lord’s â€Å"noble† wars. The Knight’s forays into various wars were significant in terms of volumes and intensity. From the description that Chaucer provides, we learn that the Knight essentially found himself in the middle of a perpetual state of war as he was sent to foreign land after foreign land to conquer and pillage in the name of his Lord. In terms of his prolific involvement in numerous battles, Chaucer writes: When they were won; and on the Middle Sea At many a noble meeting chanced to be. Of mortal battles he had fought fifteen, And hed fought for our faith at Tramissene, Three times in lists, and each time slain his foe From here, the narrator is clearly defining the character to the reader as a man whose moral character far exceeds that of normal men as the Knight is presented in a highly idealized manner. This description shows the Knight as a man of action serving his Lord and, more importantly, the Knight is presented as a war hero who successfully battled infidels in a series of 15 military actions without losing his sanity. Chaucer points out that the Knight not only survived the 15 military incursions in which he was involved, but he rose to the occasion and performed with a sense of valor and honor in such a world of bloodlust. This concept of remaining noble in war shows that despite the horror and bloodlust of the wars around him, the Knight did not â€Å"crack† and loose his composure. Keep in mind, during the Crusades, the ability for the soldiers to receive food and supplies was compromised as the opposing Islamic factions repeatedly would severe supply lines in an attempt to starve the Crusaders. The result of this is that the Crusaders would routinely go berserk and raid and pillage villages for food. The fact that Chaucer presents the Knight as noble and not a victim of combat stress shows that the Knight’s moral character remained strong enough to maintain his sanity in a war zone, mainly because the Knight detached himself from the carnage of the war and reached inside to he personal code of chivalry to maintain his composure. This detachment, however, would not maintain when the Knight left the battlefield, as he The seems to struggle with the internal manifestation of unresolved feelings and guilt about the war. Per Chaucer’s description: Though so illustrious, he was very wise, And bore himself as meekly as a maid. He never yet had any vileness said, In all his life, to whatsoever wight. He was a truly perfect, gentle knight. But now, to tell you all of his array, His steeds were good, but yet he was not gay. Of simple fustian wore he a jupon, Sadly discoloured by his habergeon; Here, the narrator shows the â€Å"chinks in the armor† of the Knight’s psyche. This passage clearly demonstrates that the Knight’s disposition displays a sense of sadness and alienation. Since the Knight has been starkly drawn as a character who is inseparable with the wars he fought, then the root of the sadness must have been from his experience in the war. In terms of the Knight’s outward personality, the experiences he faced in the war greatly humbled him as the time spent in the wars has clearly disillusioned him. (â€Å"His steeds were good, yet he was not gay.†) Perhaps the reason that the Knight goes on the pilgrimage is so he can find in himself that part of his spirit and his soul that he left on the battlefield. Yes, the Knight embodies all that was noble, but at what cost? So the Knight can live a life that is consumed by the guilt he feels about his experiences on the battlefield?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Knight remains one of the most intriguing characters in all of Canterbury Tales, the reason for this is the fact that the Knight is a noble, but internally conflicted character whose motives for the pilgrimage appear to be driven by disillusionment and guilt.

Human sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human sexuality Essay Incestuous inbreeding is the act of mating or having any sexual relations between two beings of close kinship. In people, this is prohibited by law to marry and engage in any sexual activity with any member of a person’s own family and with his/her relatives up to the second degree of consanguinity. Aside from it being a legal prohibition, it is also a considered a social taboo in most cultures. However, the considerations for incest are different depending on the beliefs and customs of these cultural groups. Some have more liberal qualifications for the situation to be called incest, and others are more conservative in the sense that people could not marry even those who are adopted into the family. Nevertheless, there are also some places wherein they permit this kind of familial setup to preserve their royal lineage. There are various kinds and forms of incest. The most common and considered a kind of abuse is the father-daughter incest and other forms of parental incest. However, there are also other forms such as sibling incest and other matches which usually come unreported. Although most cases of incest are born out of coercion, consensual incest also exists in some societies. The rationale behind the incest taboo must have stemmed from social group processes in ancient civilized and uncivilized societies. As studied by anthropologists, older cultures follow the rule of exogamy which enables families and groups to merge with others to form alliances. If incest was allowed, this rule would be violated. Religious groups and sects also have their various takes on this issue and most of them push that incest must not be tolerated and patronized. In modern societies, this legal prohibition now has scientific basis. It was found that since the two people involved in incestuous inbreeding have the same genetic makeup, their offspring would contract inherited congenital malformations. In the event that this becomes the result, future generations would be at risk of catching the same genetic defects. As a product of incestuous inbreeding, an offspring has a tendency to develop recessive disorders such as mental retardation, deaf-mutism, congenital ichthyosis, retinitis pigmentosa, adiposogenital syndrome, and homocystinuria. Previous studies show that more than half of the children born out of incest acquire some abnormality. The reason behind this is that there in an increase in homozygosity in the offspring’s genes, which means that there would be â€Å"the same allele at the same locus on both members of a chromosome pair† (â€Å"Incest,† n. d. ). In other words, if the parents of the child belong to the same family, there is a greater tendency for the child to get a defective gene from both parents. Because of this, it is assumed that there is a specific biological mechanism which prevents species from engaging in incestuous inbreeding. In detail, this mechanism could be more easily described in a comparison between incestuous inbreeding and mating between beings of different blood. Every human being carries some defective genes which are masked in a recessive expression. When two people belong in the same family, for example, as in the case of siblings, half of their genes are identical as they are from the same parents. This means that when they mate, there is a greater likelihood that the defective gene would be expressed in their offspring. However, for two people of no blood relation to each other, there isn’t any identical gene which means that it would be less likely for a genetic defect to be developed in their offspring. This biological constraint and medical risk is a consequence that incestuous inbreeding would bring. It would not only be harmful for the offspring because of the defects that would be acquired or a greater risk for mortality, nonetheless, it would also contribute to the deterioration of future generations. Finally, aside from these aforementioned medical considerations, it would also be appropriate to regard the psychological side effects as important in these situations. There are lots of cases which show that incest, especially those situations which could be considered as forms of abuse, result in psychological, mental, and emotional trauma. This probably might be because of the fact that it is established as a taboo and the behavior is a contradiction to that belief or attitude. Whatever the case may be, there would always be a negative outcome when two people engage in incestuous relations and inbreeding. References Children born as a result of incest. (1981). British Medical Journal Vol. 282. p. 250. Incest. (n. d. ) In Cambridge encyclopedia. Retrieved April 14, 2008, from http://encyclopedia. stateuniversity. com/pages/10516/incest. html The Columbia encyclopedia (10th ed. ). (2007). New York: Columbia University Press.

Research on Education Policy Development in Secondary School

Research on Education Policy Development in Secondary School CHAPTER THREE:  METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the methodology used in carrying out the research. The research design, population, sample and sampling techniques, instrumentation, validity, reliability, administration and method of data analysis. Research Design Descriptive survey design was used for the study. The design gave the researcher the necessary information to be able to draw some basic conclusions about the adequacy of the data as regards policy implementation in education (Cooper Schindler, 2001). Descriptive survey research design is one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group (Nworgu, 1991:54). Population The population of the study comprised 247 public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. The respondents consisted of all the 247 school principals and 8452 teachers in senior secondary schools in the State bringing the total population to 8,699 (Rivers State Senior Secondary Schools Board, 2015). Sample and Sampling Techniques The sample for this study comprised 1,305 principals and teachers (15% of 247 = 37 principals and 15% of 8452 = 1268 teachers) using the multi-stage sampling technique. Multi-stage refers to sampling plans where the sampling is carried out in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage (Wikipedia, 2016). Instrument For Data Collection The instrument for data collection of research data was the questionnaire titled: Assessment of implementation of Education Policy changes Questionnaire (AIEPCQ). The questionnaire was divided into sections A and B. section A was on demographic information and section B was divided into four parts with eight items on each of the parts making a total number of 32 items. Part I focused on information and communication technology (ICT) in public secondary schools, II on the universalization of Junior secondary education, III on professionalization of the teaching profession, and IV on the school-based management policy in senior secondary schools. Document analysis was to supplement questionnaire data. The questionnaire was designed in such a way as to gather information on the perceptions and experiences of a wide range of participants through narrative of their participation and observation of the role of policy implementation. Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which th ey agree with each statement using the modified Likert type scale ranging from Very High Extent to Low Extent. Very High Extent (V.H.E)-(4 ) High Extent (H.E)-(3 3.99) Moderate Extent (M.E)-(2 2.99) Low Extent (L.E) -(1 1.99) Respondents indicated the extent to which they agree or disagree with the statements. The responses were assigned numerical value. Validity Content and face validities of the instrument for the study were determined. The content and face validity were determined by the scrutiny of two lecturers in the department of Educational Management including the researchers supervisor. Their comments and corrections were adopted to improve the quality of the instrument. Reliability The reliability of the instrument was determined through the use of Cronbach Alpha method. Cronbach Alpha is a reliability co-efficient that reflects how well the items in a set are positively correlated to one another (Sekaran, 1992:69). The instrument was administered once to 20 sampled respondents that were not part of the sample. The reliability co-efficient was determined using the cronbach alpha. The internal consistency of the instrument was computed to be 0.71 Administration of Instrument The researcher including three trained research assistants administered the questionnaire to the school principals and teachers. A total of 1305 questionnaire was administered, 1200 were collected back and found suitable for an analysis. Method of Data Analysis Mean and rank order statistics were used in analyzing the four research questions raised. The criterion mean of 2.5 was adopted. z-test statistics was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. CHAPTER FOUR:  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter focused on the results and discussion of findings obtained in this study. One thousand two hundred copies of the questionnaire were retrieved and found suitable for analysis. Table 4.1: Distribution of respondents according to their status. STATUS No. Administered No. collected Percentage Return Principals 37 37 100% Teachers 1268 1163 92% Total 1305 1200 Research Question 1: To what extent is the policy on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in senior secondary schools in Rivers state implemented? Table 4.2 Mean (X), mean set and rank order of principals and teachers on the extent of policy on the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) in Rivers State. S/N Items Teachers N = 1163 Principals N = 37 Mean set Rank Remark 1. Development of skills through the use of computers 3.18 2.84 3.01 5th High extent 2 Use of Computer to enhance productivity 2.69 3.03 2.86 6th Moderate extent 3. Effective teaching by teachers through the use of computers 3.06 3.08 3.07 4th High extent 4. Creation of effective human capital through the use of computers 2.98 3.29 3.14 2nd High extent 5 Students learn effectively through the use of computers 3.13 3.08 3.11 3rd High extent 6. Ease teachers workload through the use of power point 2.58 2.57 2.58 8th Moderate extent 7. Increased individualization of learning by students through the use of ICT 2.86 2.65 2.76 7th Moderate extent 8. Students exposure to the rudiments of computer literacy 3.37 3.11 3.24 1st High extent AGREEMENT 2.98 2.96 2.97 Source: Field Research, 2015. Table 4.2 shows an aggregate mean of 2.97 for both principals and teachers, the highest mean scores of 3.24, 3.14, 3.11, 3.07, 3.01, 2.86, 2.76 and 2.58 were ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th respectively having means above the criterion mean of 2.5 were accepted indicating that school administrators to a moderate extent implement policy on the use of information and communication technology in Rivers State. Research Questions 2: What is the extent of implementation of policy on the universalization of Junior Secondary Education in Rivers State. Table 4.3 Mean (X), mean set and rank order of principals and teachers on the extent of policy on the universalization of junior secondary education in Rivers State. S/N Items Teachers N = 1163 Principals N = 37 Mean set Rank Remark 9. Disarticulation of JSS from SSS 2.72 3.16 2.94 6th Moderate extent 10. Provision of free and compulsory basic education 2.94 3.35 3.15 2nd High extent 11. Compulsory nine years of primary and junior secondary education 2.94 2.49 2.72 8th Moderate extent 12. Emphasis on curriculum diversification 2.82 3.19 3.01 5th High extent 13. Automatic transition from primary to Junior secondary education 3.17 2.86 3.02 4th High extent 14. Restructuring the school system 2.98 3.24 3.11 3rd High extent 15. Students gets more experience before proceeding to senior secondary 3.34 2.97 3.16 1st High extent 16. Few students to a teacher in the classroom 2.60 3.11 2.86 7th Moderate extent AGGREGATE 2.94 3.05 2.99 Table 4.3 shows an aggregate mean of 2.99 for both principals and teachers, the high mean scores of 3.16, 3.15, 3.11, 3.02, 3.01, 2.94, 2.86 and 2.72 were ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th respectively having means above the criterion mean of 2.5 were accepted indicating that universalization of junior secondary education to a moderate extent in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State is implemented and therefore accepted. Research Question 3: To what extent is the policy on professionalization of the teaching profession in Rivers State implemented? Table 4.4 mean score, mean set and rank order of principals and teachers on the extent of the policy on professionalization of the teaching profession in Rivers State. S/N Items Teachers N = 1163 Principals N = 37 Mean set Rank Remark 17. Continuous teacher professional development 3.02 2.27 2.65 6th Moderate extent 18. Compulsory training of non-professional teachers 3.01 2.70 2.86 4th Moderate extent 19. Must be registered with the professional bodies in Nigeria 2.58 3.05 2.82 5th Moderate extent 20. Improvement of quality education at all levels 2.61 2.54 2.58 7th Moderate extent 21. Development of in-service training 3.11 2.92 3.01 3rd High extent 22. Recruitment of only professional teachers 3.08 2.97 3.02 2nd High extent 23. Regular exposure to innovations in the profession 3.01 3.05 3.03 1st High extent 24. Development of knowledge and skills through mastery of subject matter 2.61 2.41 2.51 8th Moderate extent AGGREGATE 2.89 2.74 2.82 Table 4.4 shows an aggregate mean of 2.82 for both principals and teachers, the high mean scores of 3.03, 3.02, 3.01, 2.86, 2.82, 2.65, 2.58 and 2.51 were ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th respectively having means above the criterion mean of 2.5 were accepted indicating that the policy on professionalization of the teaching profession in Rivers State to a moderate extent will help teachers get a worthwhile experience and impart sound educational morals to the students. Research Question 4: To what extent is the policy on school-based management in Rivers State implemented? Table 4.5 mean scores, mean set and rank order of principals and teachers on the implementation of the policy on school based management in Rivers State. S/N Items Teachers N = 1163 Principals N = 37 Mean set Rank Remark 25. To facilitate school effectiveness 2.79 3.22 3.01 2nd High extent 26 Co-operation between school and community 3.02 2.78 2.90 6th Moderate extent 27. Improved infrastructures in schools 2.42 2.78 2.60 8th Moderate extent 28. Provision of funds to cover running costs 2.89 2.97 2.93 5th Moderate extent 29 Committed community support can enhance accountability 3.12 3.00 3.06 1st High extent 30. Contribution to school planning 3.09 2.81 2.95 4th Moderate extent 31. Provision of support to school activities 2.63 3.29 2.96 3rd Moderate extent 32. Regular access to public funds 3.09 2.70 2.89 7th Moderate extent AGGREGATE 2.88 2.94 2.91 Source: field Research, 2015 Table 4.5 shows that with an aggregate mean of 2.91 for both principals and teachers, items 29, 25, 31, 30, 28, 26, 32 and 27 ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th 7th and 8th in a descending order respectively, they were therefore accepted indicating moderate extent on how the school-based management policy has encouraged communities and schools to work co-operatively in enhancing educational growth and development in the state. Ho1: There is no significant difference between the mean scores of school principals and teachers on the extent policy on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in pubic secondary schools in Rivers State is implemented. Table 4.6: Summary of z-test on the difference between teachers and principals on the extent of implementation of policy on the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. Status No. of Respondents X S.D DF Level of significance z-cal z-crit Remark Teachers 1163 2.98 0.98 1198 0.05 0.11 +1.96 There is no significant difference Principals 37 2.96 1.08 Table 4.6 shows that the z-calculated of 0.11 is less than the z-critical value of + 1.96 at 0.05 level of significance with a degree of freedom of 1198. The null hypothesis is therefore accepted, meaning there is no significant difference between the mean rating of principals and teachers on the extent policy on the use of ICT is implemented in senior secondary schools in Rivers State. H02: There is no significant difference between the mean scores of school principals and teachers on the extent policy on the universalization of junior secondary education in Rivers State is implemented. Table 4.7: Summary of z-test on the difference between teachers and principals on the extent of implementation of policy on the universalization of junior secondary education in Rivers State. Status No. of respondents X S.D DF Level of significance z-cal z-crit Remark Teachers 1163 2.94 1.05 1198 0.05 0.66 +1.96 There is no significant difference Principals 37 3.05 0.99 The result from the table shows that, the z-calculated value (-0.66) is less than the z-critical value of (+1.96). The null hypothesis is therefore accepted, indicating no significant difference between the mean rating of principals and teachers on the extent of implementation of policy on the universalization of junior secondary education in Rivers State. Ho3: There is no significant difference between the mean scores of school principals and teachers on the extent policy on professionalizaiton of the teaching profession in Rivers State is implemented. Table 4.8: Summary of z-test on the difference between teachers and principals on the extent of implementation of policy on professionalizaiton of the teaching profession in Rivers State. Status No. of respondents X S.D DF Level of significance z-cal z-crit Remark Teachers 1163 2.89 1.02 1198 0.05 0.78 +1.96 There is no significant difference Principals 37 2.74 1.15 The result from the table shows that the z-calculated value (0.78) is less than the z-critical value (+ 1.96). The null hypothesis is therefore accepted indicating no significant difference between the mean ratings of principals and teachers on the extent of policy on professionalization of the teaching profession in Rivers State is implemented. Ho4: There is no significant difference between the mean scores of principals and teachers on the extent school-based management policy in Rivers State is implemented. Table 4.9: Summary of z-test on the difference between teachers and principals on the extent of implementation of school-based management policy in Rivers State. Status No. of respondents X S.D DF Level of significance z-cal z-crit Remark Teachers 1163 2.88 1.05 1198 0.05 0.33 +1.96 There is no significant difference Principals 37 2.94 1.08 The result from the table shows that the z-calculated value of -0.33 is less than the z-critical value of + 1.96. The null hypothesis is therefore accepted, meaning that there is no significant difference between the mean score of principals and teachers on the implementation of the school-based management policy in Rivers State. DISCUSSION OF FINDING/IMPLICATIONS The main aim of this study was to assess the implementation of education policy changes in senior secondary schools in Rivers State. In other words, the purpose of the study was to capture the extent of implementation of the different policies introduced as regards teaching and learning. The administration of schools, and the experiences gained. The study addressed the following: Implementation of policy on the use of ICT in senior secondary schools in Rivers State. The answer to research question one revealed that the extent school administrators implement policy on ICT in senior secondary schools in Rivers State is development of knowledge and skills through the use of computer, computer usage enhance productivity. There is effective teaching by teachers through the use of computers, creating of effective human capital through the use of computers, students learn effectively through the use of computers in schools, it eases teachers workload through the use of power point in schools, there is in creased individualization of learning by students through the use of ICT and students are exposed to the rudiments of computer literacy. The respondents agreed on all the items as being adequate and were all accepted. The findings considered ensures that all the items were strongly accepted as ICT inculcation in the school curriculum will help improve students learning and teachers effectiveness majority of the respondents totally agreed on the extent to which ICT policy implementation in schools will lend to high level of development, and their roles on managing the implementation of such policies. The result of hypothesis one shows that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of school principals and teachers on the extent to which they do implement policy changes. The above is in line with Adeosun (2010:196) who observed that the major objective is to develop computer and technological literacy through the introduction of computers in secondary schools similar to what has been done in many other countries including turkey and morocco. The implication to policy makers is that school administrators have high regard for ICT integration in secondary schools, the lack of and inadequacy of ICT equipments and facilities might undermine the achievement of policy goals or frustrate the implementation of such policy. According to Ekoro, (2011) facilities are plants, buildings and equipments which enable people to carryout their activities effectively. This implies that ICT integration in secondary schools will develop such society if the necessary equipments and facilities are provided to enable people carryout their activities effectively. According to Adomi, Okiy and Ruteyan (2003), the absence of ICT equipments in most Nigerian schools leads students to resort to cybercafà ©s for internet access. ICT application and use will prove beneficial in improving Nigerias educational system and giving students a better education. A technologically advance workforce will lead to ICT growth in Nigeria, with the potential to improv e military technology and telecommunications, media communications and skilled CT professionals who will be well-equipped to solve IT problems in Nigeria and other parts of the could (Goshit, 2006). Implementation of policy on universalization of junior secondary education. The answer to research question two on the extent of implementation of the policy on the universalization of junior secondary education in Rivers State are; Few students to a teacher in the classroom, there is free and compulsory basic education, there is automatic transition from primary to junior secondary education, compulsory, uninterrupted nine years of primary and junior secondary education, disarticulation of junior secondary School from senior secondary school, provision of free and compulsory basic education, students gets more experience before proceeding to senior secondary and restructuring the secondary school system. The results of the study presented, shows the importance of the perceived relevance of the universal basic education policy in the school system. The results of hypothesis two indicated no significant difference between the mean scores of principals and teachers on the extent of implementati

Paradise Lost by John Milton :: Paradise Lost John Milton Essays

Paradise Lost by John Milton John Milton divided the characters in his epic poem Paradise Lost into two sides, one side under God representing good, and the other side under Satan representing evil and sin. Milton first introduced the reader to the character Satan, the representative of all evil, and his allegiance of fallen angels that aided in his revolt against God (Milton 35). Only later did Milton introduce the reader to all powerful God, leader and creator of all mankind (John). This introduction of Satan first led the reader to believe acts of sin were good, just like Eve felt in the Garden of Eden when she was enticed by Satan to eat the fruit off of the Tree of Knowledge (Milton 255). The later introduction of The Almighty had the readers change their feelings towards sin, as the ways of God were introduced to them and these ways were shown to be the way to feel and believe. This levy of good vs. evil carried on throughout the poem with the interaction of Satan and his fallen angels with God and his so n in Heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The common representation of sin and evil came from the lead character in the battle against God, Satan. His name means "enemy of God." He was a former high angel from Heaven named Lucifer, meaning, "light bearer" (John). Satan became jealous in Heaven of God's son and formed an allegiance of angels to battle against God, only for God to cast them out of Heaven into Hell (Milton 35). This did not bother Satan at first since he became the leader in Hell rather than a servant in Heaven. Satan believed that it was, "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven" ( I-l. 263). Much of Satan's reliance on getting things accomplished came from his ability to lie and deceive. He lied to the fallen angels about the Son and his "vice-regency" in Heaven in order for them to follow him instead of The Son. He also concealed his true self by hiding in the body of a serpent when presenting himself to Eve in the Garden of Eden (Blessington 32). She would not have been as easily te mpted into sin had he not concealed his true form. In addition, Satan showed the reader a large amount of anger and destructiveness when he planned his revenge on God (Milton 62). Satan even found pleasure in the pain and destruction of other people and things, "To do aught good never will be our task, / But ever to do ill our soul delight" (qtd.

abortion :: essays research papers

I'm late for my period. I've never had sex willingly. Oh God I hope it wasn't from that night. How can I live with myself or tell some one my secret. No one will believe me, it was my own boyfriend. It's my fault anyway, I should've wanted to have sex, he told me we were going to get married. Where is he now? He said he'll love me forever, I need him by my side. I think I'm going to take the test. I can't be pregnant! How can I explain to the child that I don't want it. I have major plans like college and meeting my Prince Charming. I don't want to have a kid, especially since it's face is going to remind me of the worst night of my life. I can't be pregnant I'm only 18 years old. I have college to go to next year, I'm not even with Bill anymore. "NO! STOP!!! PLEASE STOP!!!!" I cried as this "man" took me into his world, one in which I know I didn't belong. "ATLEAST PUT A CONDOM ON!! WHO ARE YOU? WHY ARE YOU DOING THIS TO ME? PLEASE STOP!!!!" I kept crying and he was in such rage and had such determination that I would succomb to his ways and enjoy the most horrible experience of my life. So, I'm going to take a pregnancy test. I pray I'm not pregnent. I can't imagine telling anyone. They know I don't believe in premarital sex. I still consider myself a virgin. I've never told anyone about that night, so if I just end up pregnant, who is going to believe me? I hope my mom stays by myside, I know she is going to be outraged. I hope Bill will put it his two cents in, should I even tell him? Abortions are legal in my state. It seems like a reasonable thing to do. I don't want to kill my baby or throw him away in the dumpster. I would put it up for adoption, but every morning and night for the next nine months I am going to relive that horrible night. Roe v. Wade was based on this case. In 1973, The state of Texas had outlawed abortions. The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional, but refused to order an injuction againts the state. On January 22, 1973, The Supreme Court voted the right to privacy including abortions.

Philosophy and Ethics Essay

What is Ethics? Ethics is a branch of philosophy, which is the study of what is right and wrong. Ethics is an action of feeling. If you are walking on the street and you see a homeless person, you would ask yourself questions like this: How should I act? Should I help or ignore? When making decision how to ask and listen to your feelings what is wrong or right to is called â€Å"Ethics†. There are many examples that can describe ethics, but people like to explain ethics in an easy way in which everyone can be talking and everyone can be involved in this topic, such as law. By asking questions like: Can laws be wrong? Do laws apply to every citizen in Canada? Why do we need laws? Can laws be changed? These are the kind of questions that can explain ethics. Ethics come from a Greek word â€Å"Ethos†, which means character. This tells that ethics study the action that can be good or bad. The term â€Å"ethics† is often call â€Å"morals†, which comes from a Latin word  "mores†, which means character, habit or custom. Ethics is identifying as morality in philosophy. Why ethics is important to study? Ethics is very important for human life. Ethics teach you how to act. Without ethics, our actions would be unplanned and pointless. If we want to be successful in our life we can do this in only one way and this way is learning about ethics. Everyday people are dealing with ethics and moral issue. For example, you didn’t do your homework last night what should you do should you tell your teacher the truth or should you lie say that you forgot your homework at home or do a bit of both, if your not sure what to do, then this a good chance to learned it study in class. If we study ethics deep it will help are know better for the future and will help us to be successful in life by knowing what right and wrong. What is Metaphysics? Metaphysics comes to us from Ancient Greece – meta, meaning higher – beyond earth physics or invisible physics. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy, which study what is reality. It answers the question â€Å"What is?†. American philosopher Wilfrid Sellars said that metaphysics is the study of how things hang together, and many other philosopher have called it as the first philosophy. So, metaphysics study reality, what can be meaning of life, and if we can talk about the thing that don’t exist. Why is Metaphysics important? Metaphysics is the heart of philosophy. Without a clarification or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with experience Metaphysics tells if the reality is absolute. It has a specific kind self-regulating of our thoughts or feelings. The world around us is real. Metaphysics is very I important to be study in class because it makes you think more and tells you what reality what should you know or believe that it true. What is Epistemology? Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It answers the question, â€Å"How do we know?† it can be concepts, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions, and all things mental. It is describe how mind is related to reality, and whether these relationships are usable or unacceptable. Why is Epistemology important? Epistemology is the clarification of how we think. It is needed in order to be able to decide the true from the false. It is needed in order to use and find the knowledge of the world. Without epistemology, we could not think. We would not be able to distinguish truth from error. Epistemology is correct is the step to which we could understand reality. We all go to school to get some education which means knowledge is have knowledge you are a genius why not studying in class this discipline and learned why do we need to know things why do they help to know more. How does knowledge make our lifes easier. What is Aesthetics? Esthetics is the study of art, and beauty. It also, tells the meaning of art and the importance of art. Why is Aesthetics important? It is important to know what is Aesthetics because it is everywhere in everyday life. You see e person you will say is the person is beautiful or not, if so, what makes it beautiful. It makes you think more, and it also teach you how to judge art and beauty. What is social and Political Philosophy? Is the study of how people can regulate and organized their selves. Social philosophy talks about variety of subjects, from individual meanings to legality of laws. Political philosophy is the study of questions about the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law a legal code and explain how do they work. Why is Social and Political Philosophy Important? It is important to know about Social and Political Philosophy because the main point of a country that maintain regulation is politic such as law, rights, freedom every Canadian citizen should have knowledge on this topic and see how they affect people. What is the Philosophy of Science? The Philosophy of Science is the study of science and how science work and why do we need it to know it and explains what is science, it also tells if there is any science or there is just philosophy. Why Philosophy of Science is important? As we know since has changed people lifes and has make a better life for everyone, so it is important to know we came till here and what can we do for future to make it better, as we all use computers has been having a big affect in our lifes why not trying to know how it is important for us.

Human rights issue

Patrick Henry once said â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death. † Most people agree with what he said because freedom is what makes life worth living. People should have certain freedoms no matter what country they live in. In the book Enrique's Journey it shows how people in Latin America are often denied the right to travel which is also a problem in America and this can cause people to travel dangerously and illegally. People have the right to travel and when they are denied this right it can cause complete chaos which is demonstrated in this book.This problem is very serious in he country of Mexico and in America we are often denied this right in a unique way. All throughout America and Central American countries like Mexico, because people face this human rights issue it causes them to be separated from their families and their loved ones. In Enrique's Journey because Enrique is legally not allowed to travel to America he is unable to see his mother. He misses her deeply and because he does not get to see her for years it causes him deep emotional damage and it even leads to him doing drugs and feeling unloved.Unfortunately this happens to thousands of kids and even adults in both Mexico and America. Not only does this cause emotional damage but it even can lead to very difficult financial hard ships for families. Some people want to get a Job in America or another area and because they are denied the right to travel they can't achieve their goals. Enrique's mother has trouble making enough money because she is an immigrant and therefore she does not want to get caught so she can only accept low paying low profile Jobs.It's sad enough that families have to deal with these emotional struggles as well as financial struggles but what is often even worse than these things is the physical torture and dangers of trying to travel illegally. Most kids in Mexico and other countries in the area have to travel by physically grasping onto high speed trains and this is extremely dangerous. Far too many times young kids are too weak to hold on and they are sucked under the train and killed or lose limbs. But the difficulties do not stop there.These kids are often chased by police and even worse gang members. Hundreds of kids every day are beaten, mugged, killed, raped, or very sadly experience all of these horrific events. Most of these struggles would be never heard of if only these people weren't denied the right to travel. Just to make things worse or these helpless people they also face social anxiety and loneliness because they are always afraid of being physically harmed by other people and because they cant be found by the police or they will be deported back to wherever they came from.Also, because they cannot be noticed or stand out they often can't get a Job because it is too risky for them so instead they beg for money. Because of this many kids die of starvation or become very sick or ill. Not only do they face these problems li ke disease but because they become weak and are often alone they become more vulnerable to gang members and being killed or mugged. But if these people were just able to freely travel they would not experience these horrific scenarios and events.Being denied your human right to travel is a problem in many countries throughout the world but it's a huge problem in Mexico and other central and southern American countries and even in America. It causes hopeless people to lose Many people think it is better off for people to not be allowed to travel to other countries and for their traveling rights to be denied but if they knew what thousands of people go through every year Just to see their family and make life better for themselves, maybe their view would change.

Intersectional Analysis of Bend It Like Beckham

Intersectional analysis of Bend it Like Beckham. For this assignment, to make an intersectional analysis I decided to watch a movie. After searching and thinking for a while I picked the movie Bend it Like Beckham, since a lot of elements in this movie are applicable on my own life and I really could relate to one of the characters in the movie. As the title of the movie already implies, it is about football and takes place in England. Jesminder is a Sikh, Indian girl from a very traditional Indian family. She is not interested in fashion, boys and her looks; the only thing she is interested in is football.One time when she is playing in the park with her friends, who are all boys, Jules sees Jesminder play. Jules is an English, white girl who plays football. Jules askes if Jesminder wants to join the team, but Jesminder’s parents do not agree. She joins the team anyways and this causes a lot of friction in her own family. Parminder Nagra, who is in her real life also a member of the Sikh religion, plays Jesminder. She grew up in England and from an early age on she wanted to become an actress. Her parents wanted her to finish her education first before she was allowed to start acting.Bend it Like Beckham was her breakthrough film and got her a role in the popular TV-show ER. Keira Knightley is the actress who plays Jules in the movie. She is a white woman, born and raised in England. She started acting at a very young age. Bend it Like Beckham was also her breakthrough movie and she has played in countless of popular movies since, for example Pirates of the Caribbean, Love Actually, Pride and Prejudice. The director of the movie, Gurinder Chadha, is a woman from Indian decent, who is also a member of the Sikh religion, was born in Kenya but grew up in London.She studied journalism and ended up working as a reporter for the BBC and quickly realized she wanted to direct movies and documentaries. Most of her films focus on the differences between Indian an d English families and the inequality between them, mostly in a negative way for the Indians. Bend it Like Beckham is one of her most famous works. After describing the movie contents, the main actors and the director, I am going to apply intersectional analysis to this movie. Before starting the intersectional analysis the term intersectionality needs to be explained.Kimberle Crenshaw was the first person that mentioned the theory of intersectionality. This theory is a study that focuses on the different biological, social and cultural categories that define someone’s identity and place in society. All these categories are in relation with each other, for instance gender, class, race and sexual orientation combined define your place in society and sadly also the way people treat you. These so called axes all influence each other, there is not just one aspect that defines our place in society.Combinations of all the axes, the starting point of intersectionality, contribute to social inequality, such as racism, sexism, homophobia, but also religion-based discrimination. According to this theory the person who would be the most accepted is a white, straight male from a higher class. A black, gay woman from a lower class would take the lowest position in society, while a white, gay woman from lower class would stand above her, and a white, straight woman from lower class would even take a higher position in society.Now that I explained the theory of intersectionality I can apply it to the movie, but before I do that, I would like to make a point about football-movies in general, and also a point about the lead actresses of the movie. After watching this movie I decided to search for other movies about football. There are over hundreds of movies that focus on men’s football in one way or another, a team, the fans, a coach, but only a few movies, a total of seven, focus on girls that play football, and Bend it Like Beckham is the only one with the foc us on a girl who is not white.This shows that football is a sport that is still very gender-based, despite the fact that in the Netherlands alone already 120. 000 girls play football. Also race plays an important part, because all the other movies about girl’s football focus on white girls, while I know from my own experience there are a lot of girls from different races who play football. I myself played football for seven years, and I played in a team where half of the girls were non-whites. I will focus on this later on.The second point I would like to make is that despite this movie is the breakthrough for both main characters, Keira Knightley and Parminder Nagra, Keira is way more successful than Parminder. I researched both their filmographies, and Keira got a lot of movie offers after this movie, while Parminder’s only offer was a role, not even a leading role, in the TV-show ER. Parminder played in a few small movies, and in every single one of them the focus w as on her racial background, while Keira Knightley got very divers movie offers, from playing a pirate to an historical person. The fact hat the role offers for both women depend on their race shows that in this case Parminder has a lower position in the society. She has very limited choices to pick from, while Keira has, because of her white skin-color, more choices. With that being said I can focus myself on the movie itself. This movie really focuses on gender and ethnicity, but sexual orientation is also a big part of it. Football is still seen as a men’s sport, and these girls in the movies are automatically a minority because they play football. I myself have encountered the same problems as these girls.I am a white, straight girl living in a western country, but when I told people, that I played football, their reaction was always: ‘a girl who plays football? That is so weird! ’ And without their knowledge of my sexuality, quite often people assumed I was a lesbian because I played football. Without knowing any axes of my life, I was automatically put in a lower position, just because I am a girl who played football. This also is seen in the movie. Jules has short hair, wears baggy clothes and plays football, and her mother overhears a conversation between Jules and Jess about love, but she misinterprets it and thinks Jules is gay.The mother is very upset about her daughter being gay and when Jules tells she is not gay, the mother is very relieved and then says there is nothing wrong with being gay. Even though she says that, she is still happy her own daughter is in fact not a lesbian. This shows certain stereotypes towards girls that play football, have short hair and wear baggy clothes. Football is such a gendered sport that it automatically leads to sexism, thinking girls who play football must be lesbian because they play a men’s sport.Lesbianism is also seen as something less good than being straight, seeing the mother i s relieved her daughter is not a lesbian. The coach of the team, a young, straight white man is ashamed to be the coach of a girl’s team. He had to stop playing football due to an injury, and he wanted to do something with football. He ended up coaching the girls team, but he has never told this to his father because he is afraid his father will get angry because ‘they’re just girls’. This also shows the gender-based thinking towards girls, but intersectionality becomes even clearer when race gets involved. When Jesminder first joins the team, the eaction of the coach is that he has never seen an Indian girl play football, and he is angry with Jules for bringing her to the team because he expects her to not be able to play football, because she is an Indian girl. He says this without even seeing her play. She turns out to be the best of the team. Without knowing anything about her he places her in a lower social position than white girls, just because of h er race, and he already places himself above girls. During a match a girl from the opponent calls Jesminder names, a specific word being used is ‘Paki’, which is a swearword used towards people from Indian decent.Even though it’s a girl who calls Jesminder this and probably has experienced the same gender and sexism problems as the other girls in this movie, she still places herself above Jesminder in the social hierarchy, only because Jesminder is from a different race. A different scene that shows the lower position of Jesminder is when her parents want her to focus on school instead of football. They literally say she needs the highest grades possible for a good future because her chances for a good job are smaller than the chances of an average white girl, whose chances are again smaller than those of a white boy.This sentence alone shows her chances of a good future are gender and racial based. The class she will belong to when she’s an adult depends on how good her job is, which again depends on her gender and race. This thus shows that women who are not white almost automatically end up in the lower classes of the society. A white woman has more chances to end up in a higher class, but still has fewer chances than a white man. Jesminder would make more chances for a good job if she were an Indian boy, because then only race would be a problem, while in her case it’s race and gender.As I said, in my own football team were a lot of non-white girls, and all of them, at least they parents did, belonged to the lower class, while the white girls in my team, including myself, were from a higher class than they are. There is one point in the movie where the lower position of the male is seen. Her best friend, a boy named Tony, confesses to her he is gay, but she must promise him she will not tell anyone about this. In the Indian religion it is not acceptable to be gay, that is his reason not to tell anyone. But if he would be o penly gay, his position on the social ladder would get lower, because he would be gay, Indian man. If Jesminder would be from a different ethnicity I do not think it would have made any changes for the movie. The main point is that a white skin colour in the western world means a higher place in society than any other skin colour. If Jesminder had been a lesbian it would have placed her even lower on the social ladder. This also applies for Jules, she is a white, straight female, so she is quite privileged in general, but I think if the director had made her a lesbian, the stereotypes towards girls that play football would be even clearer and also show more struggles of women in a society.Sexuality does play a part in the movie, since Jules’ mother thinks she is a lesbian, but yet she turns out to be straight. I think this movie really shows the importance of using intersectuality when it comes to determining someone’s position in the society. The struggles of girls th at play football to be accepted playing a men’s sport and overcoming typical stereotypes are shown, just as well the struggles of an Indian football-playing girl being accepted in the western society. This movie shows that football is still a very gendered sport and that a girl’s choice to play football influences her position.Gender, race and sexuality play an important part in this movie and combinations of these axes are shown really well. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Internet Movie Database, ‘Bend it Like Beckham (2002)’, http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0286499/? ref_=sr_1 [ 2 ]. Internet Movie Database, ‘Parminder Nagra’, http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0619406/bio [ 3 ]. Internet Movie Database, ‘Keira Knightley’, http://www. imdb. com/name/nm0461136/? ref_=tt_cl_t2 [ 4 ]. Internet Movie Database, ‘Gurinder Chadha’, htt p://www. imdb. om/name/nm0149446/? ref_=tt_ov_dr [ 5 ]. UCLA School of Law, ‘Kimberle W. Crenshaw’, http://www. law. ucla. edu/faculty/all-faculty- profiles/professors/Pages/kimberle-w-crenshaw. aspx [ 6 ]. E. Midden, Transnational feminism lecture, 12 February 2013. [ 7 ]. E. Midden, Transnational feminism lecture, 7 January 2013. [ 8 ]. Internet Movie Database ‘movies about soccer’, http://www. imdb. com/list/Rt0kVvuG_IA/ [ 9 ]. Koninklijke Nederlandse Voetbalbond, ‘vrouwenvoetbal’ http://www. knvb. nl/competities/amateurvoetbal/vrouwen) [ 10 ]. K.Crenshaw, ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’, University of Chicago Legal Forum (1989) 59. [ 11 ]. G. Wekker, and H. Lutz. , ‘High winds on a cold Plain’, Botman, Jouwe and Wekker, (eds. ) Caleidoscopische Visies, (2001), 2-4. [ 12 ]. K. Crenshaw, ‘Demarg inalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex’, 65. [ 13 ]. G. Wekker, and H. Lutz. , ‘High winds on a cold Plain’, 8-9. [ 14 ]. E. Midden, Transnational feminism lecture, 12 February 2013. [ 15 ]. G. Wekker, and H. Lutz. , ‘High winds on a cold Plain’, 14-16.

Pre-Interview Essay

Pre-interview Essay 30/01/2013 I would like to follow the CELTA course for quite a few reasons. To begin with, and more importantly, I want to do the course so as to obtain the right qualifications for and English tutor. I think that the CELTA course can provide me, not only with the necessary teaching skills, but also with the highest knowledge of the subject.Moreover, if one already has the education and skills needed this course gives him the opportunity to keep up to date with the English language, because as it is widely known language, in general, keeps evolving and changing. Another important reason that makes me want to follow the course is the fact that CELTA diploma is recognized thru out the world. That is a great advantage as one has the opportunity to work at almost any country he desires.Needless to say that this is of great benefit not only to one’s teaching experience but to him as a person, as he will be able to broaden his horizons by meeting new educational systems and cultures. I believe that I would be a successful teacher of the English language because I am very interested in it, therefore, I would constantly try to enrich my knowledge around it and do my best to be up to date, not only with the language itself but with educational systems so that my students would get the best education possible from me.I am of the opinion that you must love what you do so as to be good at it and teaching is what I love. Other than that, I feel that I am the kind of person that can pass his knowledge to the others. I am friendly and easy-going which makes people around me feel comfortable and able to trust me. On the other hand, I am very organized and focused on my goals, even a little bit of a control freak which I believe make me better at what I do and are some important qualities for a successful teacher.

A Christmas Carol Analyized English Literature Essay

A Christmas Carol Analyized English Literature Essay Charles dickens novella, ‘A Christmas carol’ has been assembled in a delicate yet powerful in order to have the maximum impact upon the reader. Dickens has constructed the story in ‘staves’ to help support and reinforce the moral message of redemption. A stave is also commonly referred to as a staff it is a musical sheet that consists of 5 lines hence the reason for 5 staves.Charles dickens has cleverly chosen to defiy your stereotypical morale tale as it doesn’t contain chapters but instead staves .Dickens starts with potrayin him a heartless old â€Å"miser’ . Dickens has structured the novel in a effective and powerful way and has used the idea of Christmas a vehicle for his ideas .It is essential for Dickens to convince the reader that scrooge is mean but not evil this because a mean person has the potential to change whereas an evil person doesn’t . It is vital for Dickens to create an self serving character and show that he can b ecome charitable and caring this is so that even the worse can change .Dickens has divided the novel into 5 staves, stave 1 and 5 are a reflection of each other and staves 2, 3, and 4 are the ghosts of Christmas past, present and future. Dickens uses the novella to talk about moral responsibility and should help people less fortunate than us and reflect on it. Two charity workers approach scrooge whether he would donate money for charity and when asked how much money is he willing to give he says â€Å"nothing† the two men misinterpret him thinking that he wishes to remain â€Å"anonymous† .Scrooge replies â€Å"Are there no prisons â€Å"this show that scrooges soul is dead and his ability to be kind and to love Scrooge believed’s that the best way to get rid of the â€Å"Surplus population† as there are to many people. At the first stave Scrooge is presented as being woebegone by Marley the ghost who is condemned for the rest of time to drag heavy pad locks which represents the person he was in life and all the sins he has committed .Scrooge refuses to believe it and calls it † Humbug† which shows that he is completely skeptical. Dickens purposely uses the word â€Å"Humbug† repeatedly through the story so that we can remember scrooge’s ignorance and attitude towards the less fortunate. Marley confronts scrooge â€Å"Charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence â€Å"Marley is showing scrooge that’s what your business should be about. The Ghost of Christmas past take Scrooge to see his past .Dickens takes Scrooge to his past to show the audience that he was a decent child but had a tough childhood .At Christmas scrooge was left alone at his boarding school because his father holds a grudge against his as his mother gave birth to him and died. â€Å"A solitary child neglected by his friends is left there still† Even though he is a mean man he still shows emotion â€Å"And he sobbed † .Scrooge was so lonely the only friend he had was his imaginary friend the parrot from treasure island â€Å"There’s the parrot â€Å".Dickens wants the audience to feel sympathy towards scrooge for the childhood he never had .Even scrooge feels he has missed out and pity’s for himself † Poor boy†