Empress Matilda, Contender for the English Throne

Empress Matilda, also known as Empress Maud (c. February 7, 1102–September 10, 1167), the daughter of Henry I of England, is best known in history for the civil war sparked by her fight against her cousin Stephen to win the throne of England for herself and her descendants.  She was also a strong-willed and capable ruler in her own right, the wife of the Holy Roman Emperor, and the mother of Henry II of England. Fast Facts: Empress Matilda Known For: Member of the British royal family whose claim to the throne sparked a civil warAlso Known As: Empress Maud, Holy Roman Empress;  German Queen;  Queen of ItalyBorn: c. February 7, 1102 in either Winchester  or  Sutton Courtenay, EnglandParents: Henry I of England, Matilda of ScotlandDied: September 10, 1167 in Rouen, FranceSpouse(s): Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, Geoffrey V, Count of AnjouChildren: Henry II of England, Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, William FitzEmpress Early Life Matilda was born on or about February 7, 1102, as the daughter of Henry I (Henry Longshanks or Henry Beauclerc), the Duke of Normandy and King of England. Through her father, Matilda was descended from the Norman conquerors of England, including her grandfather William I, Duke of Normandy and King of England, known as William the Conqueror. Through her mothers mother, she was descended from more kings of England: Edmund II Ironside, Ethelred II the Unready, Edgar the Peaceable, Edmund I the Magnificent, Edward I the Elder and Alfred the Great. Matilda or Maud? Maud and Matilda are variations on the same name; Matilda is the Latin form of the Saxon name Maud and was usually used in official documents, especially of Norman origin. Some writers use Empress Maud as their consistent designation for Empress Matilda. These are useful notes to distinguish this Matilda from the many other Matildas around her: Henry I had at least one illegitimate daughter also named Maud or Matilda.Robert, Earl of Gloucester, was married to a Matilda.The rival of Empress Matilda for the crown of England was her cousin Stephen, whose wife, also a cousin of the Empress, was also named Maud or Matilda.  Stephens mother, Adela of Normandy, was a sister of Henry I.The Empress Matildas mother was  Matilda of Scotland. Marriage to Henry V Matilda was betrothed to Henry V, who later became the Holy Roman Emperor, In April 1110, at the age of 8. She later married Henry V and was crowned Queen of the Romans. When Henry V died in 1125, Matilda returned to England at age 23. Matildas younger brother William, the heir to the throne of England as her fathers only surviving legitimate son, had died when the White Ship capsized in 1120. Her father Henry I, therefore, named Matilda his heir and obtained the endorsement of that claim by the nobles of the realm. At the same time, however, Henry I took a second wife in hopes of fathering another legitimate male heir following the death of his first wife. Marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou Henry next arranged a marriage between Matilda and Geoffrey le Bel, often called Geoffrey of Anjou. Geoffrey was 14 and Matilda was 25. He then called upon his good relations with Count Fulk V of Anjou to negotiate the betrothal of Matilda to Fulk’s son Geoffrey le Bel. They were soon married in June 1127. After a brief but tumultuous marriage, Matilda attempted to leave her husband. Geoffrey, however, wanted her to return and, after a royal council, Matilda was sent back to Anjou. At the same time, however, Henry I once again required his nobles to support Matilda as his successor. Geoffrey and Matilda had three sons: Henry II of England, Geoffrey, and William. Death of Henry I Matilda’s father Henry I died in December 1135. Quickly thereafter, Stephen of Blois stepped up to claim Henrys throne. Stephen was Henrys favorite nephew and had been endowed by the deceased king with both lands and riches. Despite having pledged themselves to Matilda, many of Henrys followers reneged on their pledge and followed Stephen, preferring a British male king to a female ruler with a foreign husband. Matilda and her supporters—including Robert of Gloucester and King David I of Scotland—stood up to oppose Stephen, and so began the 19-year civil war known as The Anarchy. The Anarchy For several years between 1138 and 1141, skirmishes between Matilda and Stephen led to castles and lands being taken and lost. Each time one of the contenders seemed to gain the advantage, noblemen changed sides in the war. Finally, in 1141, Matilda captured and imprisoned Stephen. She then made preparations for her coronation in London. On her arrival, however, Matilda immediately began imposing taxes and removing privileges from her soon-to-be subjects. These actions were poorly received and, before Matilda could be crowned, Stephens wife was able to raise an army against Matilda and her supporters. Unable to defeat Stephens army, Matilda retreated to Oxford and released Stephen from prison. Stephen was crowned King of England in 1141, and soon thereafter lay siege to Matilda. Matilda escaped across the Thames River to Devizes Castle, where she set up headquarters for several more years of war. Older Years Finally admitting defeat, Matilda returned to France to her husband and son. After Geoffreys death, she ruled Anjou; at the same time she worked to establish her son Henry II as the heir to the English throne. After Stephens wife and son died, Henry was able to negotiate succession to the throne with Stephen and, in 1154, Henry was crowned King of England. His wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, became queen. Death Matilda died September 11, 1167, and was buried in Rouen at Fontevrault Abbey. Her tomb stated only that she had been the daughter of King Henry, wife of King Henry, and mother of King Henry. Legacy Matilda was an important historical figure whose battle with Stephen had a profound impact on the politics of her time. In addition, as the mother of Henry II (and the person who helped put Henry on the throne) she played an important part in the story of English succession. Sources â€Å"Empress Matilda, Lady of the English.†Ã‚  Medievalists.net, 9 Apr. 2013.â€Å"Queen Matilda, Empress Maud and the Civil War with King Stephen.†Ã‚  Historic UK.

Intro (Morphology Physiology of Living Things) - 2771 Words

FED. SCHOOL OF DENTAL TECH. AND THERAPY, ENUGU COURSE CODE: - STB 111 COURSE TITLE: - Morphology amp; Physiology of Living Things (INTRODUCTION) ------------------------------------------------- LECTURE ONE NOTES Introduction General Biology:- Biology as a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. It is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics as contained in Biology are five unifying principles that can be said†¦show more content†¦It is chiefly concerned with the study of how living organisms function including such processes as nutrition, movement, and reproduction. Physiology is derived from a Latin word ‘‘pysiologia’’ meaning science of natural causes and phenomena. Thus, it is often described as the branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms as well as functions of their component parts, that includes all physical and chemical processes. The word function is important to the definition of physiology because physiology traditionally had to do with th e function of living things while anatomy had to do with morphology, the shape and form, of things. Summarily, it can be seen that:- The branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the functions of form and structure of organisms as well as functions of their specific structural features is Physiology and is a science of wide scope. For instance:- * Some physiological studies are concerned with processes that go on within cells. The physiology of cells is called cell physiology. * Other physiological studies deal with how tissues and organs work, how they are controlled and interact with other tissues and organs and how they are integrated within the living organisms. * Yet other physiological studies deal with how living organisms respond to their environment. For example,Show MoreRelatedJob Shadowing a Dentist3438 Words   |  14 Pagesis, none of the devices can really hurt you so to speak. It is better for everyone’s health to go see a dentist than to cower because of their tools. Everyone needs a regular dentist check up to monitor things that could become potential ly serious. Dentists put in a lot of hard work to do the things that they do. They also go to school for a substantial amount of time to relieve people’s pain. In return, though, they get paid a lot and only have to work 4-6 days per week! Dentists are health professionals

Why The Ceo Bernard Ebbers And The Cfo Scott Sullivan...

Abstract This research conducted on the investigation of a world wide known company WorldCom, a company that had stolen billions in dollars from investors, competitors, and employees financial, to help live the senior managers lives more luxurious. This research paper will go more in depth to why the CEO Bernard Ebbers and the CFO Scott Sullivan committed financial statement fraud to benefit themselves. This will tell us behind the scenes of the investigation conducted against WorldCom and the consequences suffered to those who committed and helped with the fraud and how to this day WorldCom is still successful. Overview WorldCom Inc. developed in 1983 under the name as â€Å"Long Distance Telephone provider called Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. (later part of a holding company called LDDS Communications, Inc.). LDDS became a public company in 1989 through a merger with Advantage Companies, Inc.†(Report of Investigations). LDDS competed with major long distance carriers such as ATT, MCI, and Sprint; they grew steadily â€Å"purchasing small long distance companies throughout the early 1990s†(Report of Investigations). Between the years of 1991 and 1993 LDDS â€Å"acquired and merged with MidAmerican (Report of Investigations). In May 25, 1995 â€Å"LDDS officially became known as WorldCom after a shareholder voted†(Report of Investigations). WorldCom continued to aggressively grow and become diversify the business through acquisitions, sometimes using its common stock as currency.Show MoreRelatedAccounting Fraud at Worldcom8726 Words   |  35 Pages9-104-071 REV: SEPTEMBER 14, 2007 ROBERT S. KAPLAN DAVID KIRON Accounting Fraud at WorldCom WorldCom could not have failed as a result of the actions of a limited number of individuals. Rather, there was a broad breakdown of the system of internal controls, corporate governance and individual responsibility, all of which worked together to create a culture in which few persons took responsibility until it was too late. — Richard Thornburgh, former U.S. attorney general1 On July 21, 2002Read MoreEthics : Ethical And Ethical Considerations1741 Words   |  7 Pagesand managers being ethical is a simple way of staying out of trouble, and is easier to distinguish between right and wrong. WorldCom was one of the biggest telecommunication company that our world h as seen and also had one of the largest accounting frauds in history. WorldCom was a company that did not stay ethical in their ways of doing business. In accounting, the ethical consideration is honesty. You want to help your client to pay as little tax as possible, but you also do not want to cheat theRead MoreAudit and Wall Street13173 Words   |  53 PagesTHE ACCOUNTING FRAUD @ WORLDCOM: THE CAUSES, THE CHARACTERISTICS, THE CONSEQUENCES, AND THE LESSONS LEARNED by JAVIRIYAH ASHRAF A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Major Program in Accounting in the College of Business Administration and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2011 Thesis Chair: Dr. Pamela Roush Abstract The economic prosperity of the late 1990s was characterized

Sport And The American Dream Essay - 1417 Words

Emile Somekh WSC 001 In Jeffrey Schranks’ short story, â€Å"Sport and the American Dream†, he is trying to show us that the sport America watches and plays, portrays America’s character as a nation. Since America goes from baseball to football we it shows us that we are becoming more violent. his comparisons of sports and war is says best how America changes as a country over the years. Back when baseball was Americas’ pastime to being a totally football country. When we were a baseball country, Americans were happier, not many cared about wars or violence just the enjoyment they got from watching the games with friends or family at the ballpark. It didn’t matter that the sport wasn’t moving at a fast pace or so competitive. Football is the†¦show more content†¦Football is concerned with downs, such as what down is it!? Some football terms were blitzing clipping hitting, blocking, unnecessary roughness, spearing, late hitting, horse collars, and persona l fouls. Baseballs terms are the sacrifice bunt or a sacrifice fly. The weather for football could be in snow or sleet it doesn’t matter and in the rain the baseball players go back inside and don’t play.† this is basically just siding with what Schank said in his short story that football is tough aggressive and serious sport whereas baseball is a sport for easy going old timers that live in the past and don’t enjoy people hurting other people. He’s also says one more thing, â€Å"the QB is like the field general to be on target with his Ariel assault over the defense hitting his receivers with deadly accuracy in spite of the blitz even if he has to use the shotgun with short bullet passes and long bombs he marched his group into enemy territory balancing his assault with a ground attack which punches holes in the defensive wall called the defensive line. 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Informative essy Free Essays

The gang is notorious for its flamboyant use of the color blue. Wearing blue any and everywhere, gang members often get heckled by the police. The Crips are known to have an intense and bitter rivalry with the Bloods and various surrounding gangs. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative essy or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also locked in an ongoing struggle over the drug trade with the Vice Lords. Raymond initially called the gang the Baby Avenues in an attempt to emulate older gangs and the activities carried out by the Black Panthers; Raymond was fascinated with the movement of the Black Panthers. The Gang renamed itself the Avenue Cribs and then took on the nickname the Cribs, because of the young age of members. The name Crips was first introduced in the Los Angeles Sentinel newspaper in a description by crime victims of young men with canes, as if they were crippled. Resources state, it could have Just been a misspelling error, either way the name stuck, and the Crips were officially Born Gangsters. Stanley Tookie Williams, generally acknowledged as co-founder of the Crips, started his own gang called the Westside Crips. Crip meaning â€Å"Community Revolution In Progress†. The Crips became popular throughout southern Los Angeles as more youth gangs Joined; at one point they outnumbered non-crip gangs by 3 to 1, sparking disputes with non-crip gangs, including the L. A. Brims, Athens Parks Boys, the Bishops and the Denver Lanes. The Crips eventually became the most powerful gang in California. In response, all of the other rival gangs, including the Pirus, formed an alliance that later became the Bloods. Along with friends, Williams and Washington created the initial intent of continuing the revolutionary ideology of the 960s. These aspirations were unattainable because of a general lack of political leadership and guidance. Washington and Williams were never able to develop an agenda for social change within the community. By 1971 the gang’s notoriety had spread across Los Angeles. The Gang became increasingly violent as they attempted to expand their turf. By the early 1980s the gang was heavily involved with drug trade, majority being crack cocaine. In 1971, a Crip set on Piru Street, Compton known as the Piru Street Boys was formed. After two years of peace, a feud began between he Piru Street Boys and the other Crip sets. It would later turn violent as gang warfare ensued between former allies. This battle continued until the mid 1970s when the Piru Street Boys wanted to call an end to the violence and called a meeting witn other gangs that were targeted by the Crips. Atter a long discussion, the Pirus broke off all connections to the Crips and started an organization that would later be called the Bloods, a street gang infamous for its rivalry with the Crips. For many years, Crips were characterized by their tendency to wear blue in order to easily dentify each other. One suggested origin of the selected color is traced to the school colors of Washington High School in South L. A. Another theory is the co-founder, Stanley Williams, had a good and close friend called â€Å"Buddha†, who wore blue shirts, khakis, shoes, and a blue bandana from his back left pocket. When Buddha died, Williams made blue the Crip color in honor of Buddha. A particular set of Crips, the Grape Street Crips, have been known to wear purple in addition to blue. The Shotgun Crips are separated into three sub-sets: The Nine, 139th Street; The Foe, 134th street; nd the Deuce, 132nd street in the city of Gardena, California and have been known to wear dark green, the city color of Gardena, in addition to blue to show that the Shotgun Crips are from Gardena. Crips also wear blue bandanas and British Knights sport shoes, which the Crips use BK as a acronym meaning â€Å"Blood Killas†. How to cite Informative essy, Papers

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay Example For Students

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart presents its readers with an African tribe and its culture. Okonkwo, a well-respected member of the tribe, has some very interesting attributes. Specifically, he has an undying desire to be manly at all times complimented by a deeply rooted fear of being thought of as weak. Okonkwo has a very short, violent temper that is immediately triggered in response to actions that he deems to be weak. Okonkwo basically lived by the phrase, act first and think it through later. Unfortunately, almost every time that Okonkwo lets loose his violent temper in his manly way, he brings trouble upon himself, as well as those around him. One way to explain his actions and the misfortunes that usually follow is to conclude that Okonkwo has bad luck. Another way of looking at this fact is to say that the events are a result of coincidence. However, I disagree with these views, and instead assert that Achebe deliberately made sure that after each of Okonkwos outbursts, a tragedy befell him and those around him. I think that Achebe could have been trying to hint to the reader that placing too much emphasis on acting manly is bad. One example of Okonkwos quick reflexes is seen when he kills Ikemefuna because he did not want his fellow clansmen to think that he was weak. After the Ikemefunas slaying, Okonkwo is unable to eat or drink for two days due to the fact that he is upset over the death of Ikemefuna. However, he must fight against his manly pride, which reminds him that killing someone should not bother him. However, he has trouble accepting this, but must for fear of being considered weak, like a shivering old woman Achebe 45. Another instance of Okonkwos hot temper arises while he and some other men are locked up in a cell and Okonkwo reaffirms how he believes they should have killed Mr. Smith. A messenger overhears this remark and beats each of the men on their backs and heads with a large stick. A final illustration of Okonkwos rash actions leading to suffering for himself and those around him occurs when he hastily kills the head messenger who comes to Umuofia to break up a town meeting. The messenger is only able to speak 2 short sentences, before a furious Okonkwo assassinates him. This brings the ultimate suffering to Okonkwo, who hangs himself, as well as suffering for the rest of the tribe, who may not bury him and some of whom are brought to the court where Okonkwo and the others suffered earlier. In conclusion, Okonkwos tragic flaw was his constantly flared temper, which was a result of a fear of being considered weak, or womanly. It was this temper that was constantly bringing problems to Okonkwo and others around him. In the end, Okonkwo could fight no more and had to take his own life. I believe that Achebe purposefully arranged the novel in this manner in order to convey that being manly is not as important as some believe it to be.